Effect of Breast Feeding on Risk of Celiac Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies

Celiac disease (CD) is a disorder that may depend on genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. Recent observational studies suggest that breast feeding may prevent the development of CD. To evaluate articles that compared effects of breast feeding on risk of CD, a systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out of the observational studies published between 1966 and June 2004 that examined the association between breast feeding and the development of CD.

Six case-control studies met the inclusion criteria. With the exception of one small study, all the included studies found an association between increasing duration of breast feeding and decreased risk of developing CD. Meta-analysis showed that the risk of CD was significantly reduced in infants who were breast feeding at the time of gluten introduction (pooled odds ratio 0.48, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.59) compared with infants who were not breast feeding during this period. An increasing duration of breast feeding was also associated with reduced risk of developing CD. It was therefore concluded that breast feeding may offer protection against the development of CD. It is, however, not clear from the primary studies whether breast feeding delays the onset of symptoms or provides a permanent protection against the disease. Long term prospective cohort studies are required to investigate further the relation between breast feeding and CD.